The important thing is that the ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT is set to Development
Another way to verify if this is the problem is to pass the environment switch on the CLI itself. dotnet run --environment=Development and then if you try with dotnet run --environment=Production you can see there are no logs typically output to the console unless you configured it to do so explicitly.
OK so with this you are still not seeing anything output to the terminal, then my next thing would be to check your appsettings.json and appsettings.development.json to see if you have a logger configured to output to the terminal.
My first thing to go and check/test would be to try a brand new Umbraco install with dotnet new umbraco --name Testing
If you run a new project does it also have the same problem, if so then it seems it would be machine/environment specific.
However if it does work, then it would point to me that its something specific to your project files and configuration and I would then check and verify the appsettings files.
Remember appsettings.development.json overrides what is in appsettings.json
Here is a default appsettings.development.json where it is using Serilog to write out to the console wrapped with an async Serilog output.