Hmm, remember I had some upgrade troubles, when I first upgraded to 13. It was due to content in our db that wasn’t compatible. This sounds like a db migration error to me.
When it fails to publish on Azure, what error message do you see in the logs?
It could be due to a bad migration, do you recall if you had any errors migrating from v11 to v13? Although I would expect if the migration had issues you would be seeing lots of errors.
Are you able to use uSync to export everything to a new database to see if that helps, or at least that may show any potential issues?
Do you have a backup of the DB from before the upgrade?
Run a local copy - ensure the upgrade runs. If not try upping the command and connection timeout in the SQL Connection string. I’ve seen issues where some Umbraco migration scripts take too long, timeout and leave my db in a half upgraded state.
If you’ve not got a backup and / or the db can’t be rolled back then definitely take a backup now. Then starting a separate empty Umbraco project with the same latest version - and do a db scheme comparison and fix any issues. I’ve not had to do this in a long time - or it might be easier to look at the migration steps in the Umbraco code and just manually check / run these.
No, I’ve not seen that error myself. if I were you, I would start with a blank instance of Umbraco using the same packages and versions to get a brand new database and then do a schema compare to see the differences. You can then add missing columns and sync to the correct expected schema, although if there are lots of differences this may be problematic.
Once you are sure your schema is correct then you can see if that solves your issue or whether you need to take another route.